Final answer:
The least patient exposure is achieved with high kVp and low mAs settings on diagnostic imaging equipment, in line with the ALARA principle and protective measures like shielding.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of exposure factors that provide the least patient exposure is high kVp and low mAs. This is because high kilovoltage peak (kVp) allows for imaging using a lower milliampere-second (mAs), which results in a lower dose of radiation to the patient. The kVp is the peak voltage applied to the X-ray tube, which affects the penetration power of the X-rays. Higher kVp means better penetration and thus can be used in conjunction with a lower mAs, which is the product of tube current and exposure time, reducing the number of X-ray photons required for the imaging process.
Considering radiation protection protocols, the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is crucial in medical imaging to minimize radiation doses. It's always preferred to use the least amount of radiation necessary to achieve the required diagnostic quality. Additionally, protective measures like shielding, distance, and reduced exposure time are essential in protecting both patients and technicians from unnecessary radiation.