Final answer:
Operational procedures for NDB navigation and approaches include properly tuning the ADF, monitoring for bearing fluctuations due to environmental impacts, and following published instrument approach procedures carefully, due to the non-precision nature of NDB approaches.
Step-by-step explanation:
When conducting navigation or approaches using a Non-Directional Beacon (NDB), certain operational procedures should be followed. Firstly, ensure that your Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) which is used to track NDB signals is properly tuned to the NDB frequency and is functioning correctly. Continuously monitor the ADF while navigating to track the bearing to the NDB. Secondly, be aware of the effects of coastal refraction, terrain, and thunderstorms, which can cause signal fluctuations and incorrect readings. Lastly, during approaches, it is important to keep a close watch on altitude and speed, following the published instrument approach procedures, while using the ADF to maintain alignment with the NDB signal. As NDB approaches are non-precision, there is a higher reliance on pilot skill and strict adherence to procedural discipline.