Final answer:
Crossover sanctions are federal methods for enforcing policy by withholding funds from one program due to non-compliance in another, while cross-cutting requirements are stipulations that apply to various programs to comply with federal policies, such as those found in the Civil Rights Act. The correct option is 2.
Step-by-step explanation:
Crossover sanctions and cross-cutting requirements are terms used to describe methods by which the federal government seeks to implement policy objectives, often within the context of state and local governments. Crossover sanctions are a type of sanction where federal funding for one program can be withheld because of non-compliance with mandates in another program.
An example might be the withholding of highway funds for states that fail to comply with federal drinking age laws. Meanwhile, cross-cutting requirements refer to federal stipulations that apply across a range of programs or agencies, often as a condition of receiving federal funds.
A notable example is Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. These approaches are used to enforce national policy objectives through compliance incentives or penalties.