Final answer:
Information from the upper half of the retina corresponds to the lower part of the visual field because of how visual information is inverted and reversed. The topographic relationship between the retina and visual cortex is maintained throughout the visual pathway, enabling our brain to perceive the visual world correctly. The correct option is 2).
Step-by-step explanation:
The information from the upper half of the retina corresponds to the lower part of the visual field. This is because the visual field information is inverted and reversed as it enters the visual cortex due to the way the optics of the eye project the image onto the retina.
Consequently, light from the superior visual field (up) falls on the inferior (bottom) retina, and light from the inferior visual field (down) falls on the superior (top) retina, resulting in an upside-down and left-to-right reversal of the visual field by the time it reaches the primary visual cortex.
However, our brain processes this information so that our conscious perception of the visual field feels correctly oriented.
Due to this topographical organization of the visual pathway, visual stimuli in the upper-left visual field will be processed in the bottom-right region of the primary visual cortex. This is because the left side of the visual field is represented on the right side of the visual cortex and vice versa.
The sorting of visual field information is also aided by the optic chiasm, where fibers from the two eyes cross to ensure that the visual field's right side is processed in the left hemisphere, and the visual field's left side is processed in the right hemisphere. Option 2) is the correct one.