Final answer:
Ecological succession refers to the natural process of changes in species composition in an ecosystem over time. Primary succession starts with pioneer species on newly formed land, while secondary succession occurs in disturbed areas where soil remains.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the process that describes the sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community over time. Primary succession involves the colonization of newly exposed or newly formed land, typically after events such as volcanic eruptions or glacier retreat. This form of succession starts with the establishment of pioneer species, like lichens and hearty plants, which are able to grow in areas with little to no soil. These pioneer species play a vital role in breaking down rock into soil, allowing for other species to eventually inhabit the area. Over time, the ecosystem goes through various stages, leading to a stable and mature community known as the climax community.
Secondary succession, on the other hand, occurs when an ecosystem is disturbed—due to a fire, flood, or human activity—but the soil remains. The recovery is often quicker in secondary succession because the soil still contains seeds, roots, and microorganisms from the previous community. New plants and species take over, leading to a restored ecosystem.