Final answer:
Revenge is seen to perpetuate a cycle of violence and harm, reflecting a betrayal of foundational relationships and leading to detrimental psychological and social consequences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question at hand is concerned with the effects of revenge, particularly in the context of its broader social and psychological consequences. Based on historical understandings as well as insights into human behavior, we can observe that revenge often sets forth a chain of negative outcomes, including the perpetuation of violence and the erosion of social bonds. This is evident from the discussion of the "Mourning Wars" in the Northeast, where warfare motivated by revenge led to brutal cycles of violence and torture, rather than satisfaction or closure.
In terms of the options presented, the most fitting effect of revenge, given the context provided, is that it perpetuates a cycle of violence and harm (option 3). This effect is also consistent with the timeless adage "an eye for an eye," which, despite popular misconceptions, was intended to curb infinitely escalating cycles of retribution rather than promote vengeance. When considering the adverse impacts of revenge on interpersonal relationships―especially those as foundational as the maternal bond―it is apparent that vengeance is more likely to break than to strengthen social ties and personal well-being.