Final answer:
The correct option is 4). Borchet's epochs of urban growth model consists of the Pre-industrial, Industrial, and Post-industrial epochs, detailing the evolution of cities from small centers to large urbanized areas with emphasis on shifts in economic foundations and societal structures.
Step-by-step explanation:
Borchet's epochs of urban growth model includes several chronological periods that describe the expansion and development of urban areas, particularly in the context of American cities. This growth is segmented into several key epochs, beginning with the Pre-industrial epoch, which predates the industrial revolution, where cities were generally small and compact.
The second epoch is the Industrial epoch, marking a period of rapid urban growth spurred by industrialization. This era saw a significant population shift from rural to urban areas, due to the rise of factories and improved transportation, leading to cities like London experiencing dramatic increases in population size. The Post-industrial epoch, which follows, is characterized by cities transitioning from manufacturing bases to centers dominated by service and information sectors. An outcome of this transition has often been gentrification, affecting the urban social fabric, and leading to displacement of lower-income residents.
The model reflects the larger process of urbanization that's been observed alongside economic and technological developments, and these epochs illustrate the changing patterns of urban growth throughout history.