Final answer:
The field of processing and analyzing natural language data using computer programs is known as natural language processing or computational linguistics, within the broader domains of computer science and artificial intelligence.
Step-by-step explanation:
When computer programs process and analyze large amounts of natural language data in the realms of computer science (CS) and artificial intelligence (AI), the field is often referred to as natural language processing (NLP) or computational linguistics. This field encompasses a range of tasks such as language translation, sentiment analysis, and chatbots. AI can be categorized as strong or weak based on its capabilities; strong AI is designed to perform multiple cognitive tasks like humans, while weak AI specializes in performing primarily one task. Despite the philosophical debate about whether machines can truly exhibit human-like consciousness or intentionality, the practical application of AI is burgeoning in many industries, leading to increasing specialization and the need for ethical guidelines.