Final answer:
Spearman's g refers to general intelligence, a singular underlying factor that affects cognitive abilities, as proposed by British psychologist Charles Spearman. It contrasts with Gardner's Multiple Intelligences and Cattell's concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence.
Step-by-step explanation:
Spearman's Theory of General Intelligence
Spearman's g refers to Spearman's concept of general intelligence. British psychologist Charles Spearman developed a theory positing that intelligence consists of one general factor, called g, which underlies various specific abilities. He believed that this general intelligence could be measured and was responsible for overall cognitive abilities. While ancient philosophers like Aristotle pondered similar ideas about a singular aspect of intelligence, it was Spearman who formalized the concept within the realm of psychology.
On a related note, Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences contrasts with Spearman's by suggesting that intelligence is not a single, general ability, but rather a collection of distinct abilities, ranging from linguistic to musical intelligence. Raymond Cattell's propositions about crystallized and fluid intelligence further differentiate the facets of cognition. Both Gardner and Cattell's theories present perspectives that diverge from Spearman's g, highlighting the complexity of defining and understanding intelligence.