Final answer:
The diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis can be made from subjective symptoms along with laboratory tests like stool O&P and immunoassays for the toxins produced by Clostridium difficile. Examination of stool samples and consideration of clinical history are essential. Treatment often starts with antibiotics such as metronidazole or tinidazole.
Step-by-step explanation:
Diagnosis of Pseudomembranous Colitis
Diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis can be made from subjective symptoms and a combination of laboratory tests. Objective diagnosis involves direct examination of stool samples, often over multiple days, to detect toxins produced by the causative agent, Clostridium difficile. Tests such as a stool ova and parasite (O&P) exam, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), and molecular analysis such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are utilized to identify the presence of the bacteria and its toxins. The direct observation under the microscope may reveal the pseudomembranes associated with this condition. In addition, the patient's clinical history, including exposure to antibiotics, is considered during the diagnosis, given the association of antibiotic treatment with pseudomembranous colitis.
For treatment, the first line usually involves antibiotics such as metronidazole or tinidazole, followed by medications to eliminate any remaining cysts, like diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, or paromomycin. In cases where imaging is necessary, MRI can be used to detect complications such as liver abscesses. Clinicians take care to avoid further disruption of the microbiota during treatment, given its role in the development of the condition.