Final answer:
Graduated symbol maps can be misleading when the symbol size does not accurately represent the data, leading to misconceptions about the magnitude of the data points represented. This misrepresentation can be avoided by using proper scaling and clear legends. The correct option is A.
Step-by-step explanation:
Graduated symbols in geographical data representation can be misleading when the symbol size does not accurately represent the data. This is because the size of the symbol is intended to give a visual indication of the magnitude of the data being represented, with larger symbols denoting larger values. When there's a mismatch between the symbol sizes and the data they represent, this can lead to misinformation or misinterpretation of the data.
For example, if the graduation of symbols (such as circles or squares) on a map displaying population sizes is not proportional to the actual population numbers, a smaller city might appear larger than a larger city if its symbol is inappropriately large. This could skew the viewer's understanding of the demographic information being presented. Similarly, if the increments between symbol sizes are not consistent, it might suggest a more dramatic change in data values than what exists.
On the other hand, while other factors such as symbol shape, symbol color, and symbol orientation can play a role in the readability and aesthetics of data visualization, they typically do not mislead in the same direct manner associated with the size of graduated symbols. It's the inconsistency in size scaling relative to the data that most directly risks misleading viewers.