Final answer:
The nerves and pulp connect to the jaw by passing through the root canal within the root of the tooth, then through the mandibular foramen in the case of lower teeth. Numbing for dental work involves anesthetizing the area near the mandibular foramen to affect the sensory nerves within that region. This network, including the lingula and mental foramen, plays an essential role in dental health.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nerves and pulp travel down and connect to the jaw through the root canal of the tooth. This canal runs through the root of the tooth and is embedded within the mandible for the lower teeth, and the maxilla for the upper teeth.
Surrounding the pulp cavity is dentin, which is further enclosed by cementum in the root, while in the crown, it is covered by enamel. Specifically, for the lower teeth, the sensory nerves and blood vessels enter the mandibular foramen and then travel through a tunnel in the mandibular body.
To provide anesthesia for lower dental work, a dentist must inject into the lateral wall of the oral cavity near this foramen to ensure the sensory nerve is numbed.
Adjacent to this foramen is the lingula, a small flap of bone, which serves as an attachment for a ligament anchoring the mandible. Exiting from the mental foramen is a sensory nerve that supplies the chin area.
The entirety of this complex network which includes nerves, blood vessels, and the pulp within the tooth allows for sensation and provides the necessary nourishment for the teeth and gums.