Final answer:
The one claim that cannot be true if all other claims are true is that both Logan and Mendez have the same perspective. This is due to the potential disagreement indicated by the claims, which suggests they could have different perspectives while still sharing some common ground on specific issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
If all of the claims made above are true, then each of the following could be true EXCEPT: (d) Both Logan and Mendez have the same perspective. This is because if there is a disagreement between Logan and Mendez as suggested by option (b), then it cannot be true that they have the same perspective. The other options could be true even with a disagreement: they may agree on a specific point (option a), have a disagreement on another (option b), or Logan's sentiment could align with Mendez's on a certain issue while still having different overall perspectives (option c).
It's important to recognize that truths and beliefs can depend on the community or individuals that hold them and their criteria for truth. Particularly in fields such as social studies, philosophy, or law, differing perspectives and interpretations of evidence can lead to distinct conclusions, as suggested by the examples referencing constitutional principles, public opinion divides, or independent naturalists reaching the same conclusion from the same set of evidence. Hence, a statement's truth cannot be universally applied across all communities and belief systems.