Final answer:
Descartes' Second Meditations focus on the nature of the mind and body and the role of reason in knowledge. He argues for substance dualism but does not argue for the existence of God or external objects in this work.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Descartes' Second Meditations, he does not focus on the existence of God but rather explores the nature of the mind and body and touches upon the role of reason in knowledge. The Second Meditations are known for Descartes' famous dictum, 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am), which is a clear and distinct idea, reflecting his foundational approach to epistemology. Therefore:
- Statement 1 is incorrect as the existence of God is not the focus of the Second Meditations.
- Statement 2 is correct because Descartes elaborates on the nature of the mind as distinct from the body, which is a fundamental aspect of Cartesian Dualism.
- Statement 3 is correct as Descartes discusses the role of reason in achieving certain knowledge.
- Statement 4 is incorrect because the existence of external objects is not argued for in the Second Meditations.
Descartes proposes that the mind, being a non-physical 'thinking thing', is separate from the material body. His contemplations support the idea of substance dualism, asserting that mind and body are fundamentally different types of substances. However, modern science challenges this view, recognizing thought processes as functions of the physical brain.