Question

Which of the following terms are also ways of describing observer bias?

1) Confirmation bias
2) Selection bias
3) Sampling bias
4) Response bias
5) All of the above

Answer 1

Confirmation bias and response bias are forms of observer bias. Selection bias and sampling bias are distinct concepts, related to the method of sample selection and the representativeness of the sample, respectively.

Step-by-step explanation:

Among the terms provided, confirmation bias and response bias can be considered forms of observer bias, but selection bias and sampling bias are distinct though related concepts:

• Confirmation bias involves focusing on information that confirms one's existing beliefs, such as a researcher noticing only data that support their hypothesis.
• Response bias occurs when survey respondents report inaccurately, often due to the desire to present themselves in a positive light or conform to social norms.
• Selection bias refers to a sample being unrepresentative due to the method by which it is chosen.
• Sampling bias is a result of errors that occur in statistical analysis when the sample does not accurately represent the overall population.

Therefore, the terms that also describe observer bias are confirmation bias and response bias.