Final answer:
Humanistically-oriented therapists view dysfunctional behavior as adaptive, focusing on the individual's potential and personal growth. Other fields like epigenetics and evolutionary psychology explore genetic contributions to behavior, while classical and operant conditioning illustrate the learning processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Humanistically-oriented therapists tend to view dysfunctional behavior as d) Adaptive. They believe that all behavior, even dysfunctional behavior, is a result of individuals striving to fulfill their needs and realize their full potential. Such therapists focus on the conscious experiences of the person and emphasize personal growth and self-actualization over deterministic factors like genes, learned behavior, or unconscious processes.
Genetics is studied in fields such as epigenetics and behavioral neuroscience, which explore the expression of genes and their impact on behavior respectively. Learned behaviors, on the other hand, are examined through psychological approaches such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, which relate to how an organism's experiences shape their behavior overtime. Unconscious processes are a key component of psychoanalytic theories, which include concepts like the collective unconscious. As for adaptive behaviors, these are often discussed within evolutionary psychology, which suggests that certain behaviors may have evolved because they were beneficial for survival.