Final answer:
Cationic detergents disrupt the selective permeability of the cell membrane, causing harm to the cell. Vacuoles perform the function of lysosomes in plant cells. The nucleus, surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers, contains DNA and synthesis of ribosome components occurs in the nucleolus.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cationic detergents disrupt the cell membrane, leading to a loss of selective permeability. The cell membrane is crucial for maintaining the homeostasis of a cell by controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell, thereby sustaining the internal environment of the cell distinct from the external one. If a detergent compromises the membrane's integrity, essential molecules can leak out and harmful substances can enter, ultimately causing cell damage or death.
In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes, that is the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste and macromolecules, is primarily carried out by vacuoles. Unlike animal cells, which have dedicated lysosomes for this purpose, plant cells rely on these larger sacs for the degradation process.
The nucleus is the cellular structure that is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers, known as the nuclear envelope. This enclosure serves to protect and contain the DNA within the nucleus, while also regulating the exchange of materials between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. It is within the nucleus, more specifically the nucleolus, where the RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized before they are assembled into complete ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Regarding the location of DNA, in an animal cell, it is found within the plasma membrane in the nucleus, except for small amounts that might exist in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (in plants). Lastly, the cell membrane plays multiple vital roles including identification of the cell, providing flexibility, strength, and creating channels for substances to pass through, which are essential for the cell's functioning.