Final answer:
Symbols in Islam mainly represent spiritual power and majesty, and throughout history, the spread of Islam has been significantly influenced by trade and the authority of the caliphate. Despite political fragmentation, the Islamic world has maintained cohesion through shared religious beliefs and institutions like the ulama.
Step-by-step explanation:
Certain Symbols in Islam
In Islam, different symbols can represent various aspects of the faith and community. However, in the context of the given choices, symbols in Islam primarily represent c) Spiritual power and majesty. The religion of Islam serves as both a faith and a strong cultural force that unifies or divides people. Institutions such as the caliphate have been central to maintaining unity by exercising cultural authority over the holy sites and by providing guidance on the proper practice of the Muslim faith.
The Role of Trade and the Caliphate
Throughout history, trade has played a significant role in the spread of Islam, propelled by the administrative prowess and the abiding loyalty to the caliphate. Islamic territories, stretching from Spain to China, were united not only by faith but also by this network of trade and travel that transcended political boundaries.
Islamic Diversity and Political Fragmentation
The Islamic world has experienced periods of fragmentation along ethnic, philosophical, and linguistic lines, such as during the Abbasid era. Political and religious fragmentation has occurred despite the overarching unity provided by shared beliefs and reverence for the teachings of Muhammad. Different Islamic states maintained cohesion through religious structures like the ulama, who played a vital role in interpreting Islamic law and advising rulers across various regions.