Final answer:
The correct answer is 'D. All of the above', encompassing annual flu vaccination, at least one pneumococcal vaccination, and additional vaccinations for high-risk individuals or those vaccinated more than 5 years ago and who were under 65 at the time of initial vaccination.
Step-by-step explanation:
The U.S Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the Center for Disease Control currently recommend that older adults should:
- Be immunized against flu annually.
- Receive at least one pneumococcal vaccination.
- All high-risk older adults should receive an additional pneumococcal vaccination 5 years or more after their first immunization.
- Older adults should receive a one-time re-vaccination for pneumonia if they were initially vaccinated more than 5 years previously and were less than 65 years of age at the time of the initial vaccination.
Therefore, the correct answer is 'D. All of the above', as all these recommendations help prevent diseases such as whooping cough and flu, with serious complications like pneumonia being more common in older adults. Specific vaccines, such as the pneumococcal vaccines available (PCV13 and PPSV23), are targeted at the most vulnerable populations, which include adults older than 65 years. It is important for these individuals to visit their doctor and ensure they are up to date with their vaccines.