Final answer:
The failure of Kublai Khan's invasion of Japan in 1281 can be attributed to the typhoon and samurai resistance.
Step-by-step explanation:
The failure of Kublai Khan's invasion of Japan in 1281 can be attributed to two main factors: the typhoon and the samurai resistance.
Firstly, the typhoon played a crucial role in scattering and destroying the Mongol ships. This natural disaster, known as the kamikaze or divine winds in Japanese, was seen as a sign of divine protection for Japan.
Secondly, the samurai resistance posed a significant challenge for the Mongols. The ruling Hojo clan had built fortifications and prepared for the invasion, making it difficult for the Mongols to make any meaningful progress.