Final answer:
OPTION D.The electromagnetic force is responsible for bonding in materials via electron interactions, including ionic and covalent bonds.
Step-by-step explanation:
The force responsible for the bonding in materials carried out by electrons is the electromagnetic force. This force includes both electric forces and magnetic forces. In materials, electrons form bonds by the attraction and repulsion of charged particles, and these interactions are governed by the electromagnetic force. It is the electrical attraction that allows atoms to share or exchange electrons, creating ionic and covalent bonds.
This is in contrast to the strong nuclear force, which binds protons and neutrons within the nucleus, or gravity, which is responsible for the structure of galaxies but is negligible at the atomic scale. It's also worthwhile to note that the electromagnetic force acts over an infinite range, affecting charged particles at very large distances, and has tremendous implications for the structure and behavior of atoms and molecules.