Final answer:
The most likely surface to facilitate runoff is a non-permeable surface, such as concrete. Topography, including steep slopes, plays a role in increasing runoff, which moves quickly over the surface and does not infiltrate the soil.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of surface that is most likely to facilitate runoff is a non-permeable surface, such as concrete or asphalt, commonly found in urban environments like roads and parking lots. These surfaces prevent water from soaking into the ground, leading to a higher rate of runoff during rainstorms. Conversely, natural landscapes with vegetation and permeable soils promote water infiltration, reducing runoff and erosion.
Topography also plays a significant role in runoff. Areas with steep slope are more prone to surface runoff, as the inclination allows for water to flow more rapidly, causing less water to percolate into the soil. Soil saturation, plant uptake, and evapotranspiration are additional factors that determine whether rainwater will contribute to runoff or be absorbed and utilized within the ecosystem.
Understanding the factors affecting runoff is essential due to the potential for runoff to carry pollutants into water bodies, inducing water pollution. Consequentially, this affects ecosystems, water quality, and the broader environment. Management and urban planning should always consider measures to control and minimize surface runoff, maintaining a balance between development and maintaining ecological integrity.