Final answer:
The correct nitrogen bases used in DNA replication and translation are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also used in DNA replication but is replaced by uracil in RNA during translation. Adenine and guanine are purines, while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct nitrogen bases used in both DNA replication and translation are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. However, when considering RNA in the process of translation, thymine is replaced by uracil. Therefore, the nitrogen bases common to both processes are adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine (A-T), while in RNA, adenine pairs with uracil (A-U). Cytosine always pairs with guanine (C-G) in both DNA and RNA.
Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are classified as purines and have a double-ring structure. Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are classified as pyrimidines, which have a single-ring structure. The base pairing rule states that a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine, forming hydrogen bonds that hold the DNA strands together in a double helix, maintaining a uniform distance between them.