Final answer:
A sudden change in the arrangement of groups and issues that divide political parties is known as party realignment. This involves significant shifts in voter groupings, policy positions, and can lead to the rise or fall of political parties.
Step-by-step explanation:
A sudden change in the arrangement of groups and issues that divide political parties is known as party realignment. This term describes the process in which the established groupings of voters and issues driving political party structures undergo a significant shift. Party realignments are often marked by changes in policy positions, demographic support, or even the emergence or decline of entire political parties. These shifts can upend the political landscape and significantly alter the direction of national politics.
For example, throughout U.S. history, there have been several distinctive periods when new political parties have emerged, control of the presidency has shifted from one party to another, or significant changes in a party's makeup have occurred. These periods of party realignment can significantly impact the political process, with long-term effects on the shape and policies of political parties. It's crucial for parties to adapt to broader socio-demographic or economic forces, or they risk losing support in subsequent elections.