Final answer:
DNA and mRNA are key to transcription, while mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA are essential for translation, categorizing them appropriately in the process of protein synthesis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of transcription and translation are central to gene expression, where DNA is used to create mRNA, which is then used to build proteins. During transcription, DNA serves as a template for synthesizing mRNA. This mRNA is then modified and exits the cell nucleus into the cytoplasm for translation. The translation process involves ribosomes and tRNA. Ribosomes read the genetic information on the mRNA, and tRNA brings the appropriate amino acids to form a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein. Therefore, the correct sorting would place DNA and mRNA in the bin for transcription and mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA in the bin for translation, making option C the accurate answer: Transcription: DNA, mRNA; Translation: Ribosome, tRNA.