Final answer:
The major product of the reaction with KMnO₄ and NaOH (cold) is the corresponding salt or carboxylate ion for each of the given reactants: carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, and alcohol.
Step-by-step explanation:
a) The major product of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and KMnO₄ and NaOH (cold) is the corresponding salt or carboxylate ion.
b) The major product of the reaction between an aldehyde and KMnO₄ and NaOH (cold) is the corresponding salt or carboxylate ion.
c) The major product of the reaction between a ketone and KMnO₄ and NaOH (cold) is the corresponding salt or carboxylate ion.
d) The major product of the reaction between an alcohol and KMnO₄ and NaOH (cold) is the corresponding salt or carboxylate ion.