Final answer:
Pathological gambling is differentiated from casual gambling by certain biological and behavioral factors. The condition is marked by low levels of norepinephrine and changes in neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, which are linked to compulsive gambling behaviors and brain reward systems. This behavior is sustained by a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule that makes the addiction resistant to extinction.
Step-by-step explanation:
Pathological Gambling Assessment
When assessing a pathological gambler, health professionals examine various factors that differentiate this condition from casual gambling habits. Research suggests that pathological gamblers may have abnormally low levels of the hormone norepinephrine. This hormone is associated with stress and excitement and tends to be secreted in moments of arousal and thrillseeking behaviors. Pathological gamblers might use gambling activities to compensate for these lower levels, seeking the rush that comes with gambling as a way to stimulate the release of norepinephrine.
Furthermore, it's been observed that changes in neurotransmitter levels, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, could be associated with compulsive gambling behaviors. Dopamine is linked with the brain's reward system and is activated not just by winning but also by near-wins that can sustain gambling behaviors. Neuroscientific evidence has led to the recognition of gambling addiction as similar to substance addictions, and the DSM-5 now classifies it accordingly.
From a behavioral perspective, Skinner highlighted that gambling establishments exploit the reinforcement schedule, particularly a variable-ratio schedule, which can lead to addictive behavior. This means gamblers are unsure when the next 'win' will occur, making gambling particularly resistant to extinction.