Final answer:
The option that exemplifies a bureaucracy consistently applying abstract rules is 'c. Strict adherence to predetermined rules.' Bureaucracies operate on structured processes, explicit rules, and standardized procedures which align with this option. Other options suggest flexibility which is not typical of bureaucratic systems.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options provided, an example of bureaucracy consistently applying abstract rules is c. Strict adherence to predetermined rules. Bureaucracies are known for their structured processes and adherence to explicit rules, which are outlined, written down, and standardized to ensure efficiency and equity in the implementation of policies and procedures. This formal structure is critical for managing large-scale organizations and government institutions, although it may sometimes lead to rigidity and slow response to change.
In contrast, options such as flexible decision-making, case-by-case evaluations, and dynamic and adaptive policies represent more organic and adaptable approaches to managing situations, which are not typical of traditional bureaucratic systems. For instance, while a college or university's Student Handbook might provide explicit rules to address issues like cyberbullying, these rules would be applied uniformly rather than being tailored to each individual case.
Thus, when we discuss bureaucracies, we are referring to their characteristic features such as hierarchy of authority, explicit rules, division of labor, and impersonality, as described by sociologist Max Weber. These features collectively support the notion of strict adherence to predetermined rules rather than a flexible or case-by-case approach.