Final answer:
The correct answer is b) =VLOOKUP(B12, student_data, 2, FALSE), which uses VLOOKUP to find the student's name in a named range based on an identifier in cell B12.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct formula to retrieve a student's name from the student_data named range, starting in cell B12, using the VLOOKUP function is b) =VLOOKUP(B12, student_data, 2, FALSE). This formula follows the standard syntax for a VLOOKUP, which is =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup]). In this case, B12 is the lookup_value, the student_data named range is the table_array, the number 2 stands for the second column of the table where the student's names are likely stored, and FALSE specifies an exact match lookup.