In Cognos Analytics, calculations can primarily be created via Data Modules for simpler tasks and Report Authoring for more complex expressions, including conditional logic and advanced functions.
There are two primary ways to create calculations in Cognos Analytics: the first one is using the Data Modules, which offers a way to create calculations through a GUI (graphical user interface), and the second one is by using the Report Authoring feature, which allows more advanced calculations through its expression editor. While in Data Modules, you can create simple calculations such as arithmetic operations or aggregations directly within the model. Meanwhile, Report Authoring gives you the power to write more complex expressions, which might involve conditional logic, string manipulation, or advanced mathematical functions.
It's worth noting that the actual options provided in the question might cause some confusion: Query Studio and Report Studio are tools within Cognos for building reports and data exploration, but they aren't specifically defined as the two ways to create calculations. Dashboards and Stories are also features within Cognos for presenting data, but again, not directly related to the creation of calculations. In practice, calculations can be part of these tools, but the creation is generally rooted in data module configurations and report authoring.