Final answer:
Raymond Ibrahim argues that Europe was saved from Islam through military intervention, cultural resistance, political compromise, and economic isolation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Raymond Ibrahim argues that Europe was saved from Islam through a combination of military intervention, cultural resistance, political compromise, and economic isolation.
Military intervention: Europe deployed their armies to defend against Islamic invasions. For example, Charles Martel's army in the Battle of Tours stopped the Islamic advance into mainland Europe.
Cultural resistance: European societies resisted Islamic influence and preserved their own traditions and cultures.
Political compromise: European societies found ways to coexist with Islamic states, sometimes through treaties and agreements.
Economic isolation: By limiting trade and interaction with Islamic societies, Europe maintained its independence and prevented Islam from spreading further.