Final answer:
Many cities view the police as symbols and enforcers of racism due to historical and ongoing racial discrimination. Environmental racism is seen in projects such as toxic dumps located in minority communities. Nonexcludable services like police protection should be provided equitably to all.
Step-by-step explanation:
Many cities perceive police as enforcers and symbols of racism. This view is linked to historical and ongoing instances of social injustice and racial profiling. Public debates and outcries often point to patterns of discrimination in law enforcement and community policing. This has led to protests and calls for police reform and the removal of symbols considered to represent a nation's troubled past, like statues associated with slavery and the Civil War.
Municipal projects, such as the siting of toxic dumps in certain communities, are often cited as examples of environmental racism. Furthermore, social rights violations, such as Jim Crow laws, have previously restricted African Americans from accessing public services and spaces, strengthening the perception of certain municipal entities as symbols of racial injustice. Nonexcludable goods and services, like police protection and public roads, are meant to be available to everyone without discrimination, highlighting the importance of ensuring that these services are provided equitably and without racial bias.