Final answer:
Hypnosis as a social phenomenon is influenced by cultural factors, with behaviors during hypnosis seen as a performance of socially expected roles, rather than an altered state of consciousness. So the correct answer is option C.
Step-by-step explanation:
Those who consider hypnosis a social phenomenon contend that it's influenced by cultural factors (the correct answer is option C.). This perspective is aligned with the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis, which suggests that people in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person. This role performance is informed by their expectations and the expectations of others about how a hypnotized person should act. The behavior exhibited during hypnosis, therefore, is not necessarily an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but rather a fulfillment of social expectations for that role.
Historical views of hypnosis have often been shaped by its portrayal in media and misconceptions, leading to skepticism about its therapeutic validity. Despite this, hypnosis in clinical practice can be a useful tool, applying relaxation techniques and suggestion to alter thoughts and perceptions. Individuals highly susceptible to suggestion may find hypnosis particularly effective, and studies show that hypnotic states are associated with changes in brain function. Nevertheless, the enhancements in memory or skills achieved through hypnosis tend to be modest.
Ultimately, the social-cognitive perspective sees hypnosis as a situationally-driven phenomenon, where the power of the situation and the individuals' roles within it shape their behaviors, rather than hypnosis being a direct manipulation of one's psychological state.