Final answer:
Coffee consumption is not commonly noted as having a correlation with improved working-memory capacity, unlike physical exercise, sleep duration, and musical training, which have been explored in relation to cognitive functions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question of which of the following ways was not noted in the textbook as being correlated with working-memory capacity is D) Coffee consumption.
Working-memory capacity is an important cognitive function that supports many areas of our daily cognitive tasks, including learning, reasoning, and the guidance of decision-making and behavior. Physical exercise, sleep duration, and musical training have all been subjects of studies exploring their relationship with cognitive functions, including working-memory capacity. Physical exercise has been shown to have a positive effect on the brain and cognitive functions by improving blood flow, sleep duration is linked with cognitive benefits such as creative thinking and language learning, and musical training has been associated with enhanced brain development and cognitive processing.
However, coffee consumption, specifically, is known to affect alertness and can temporarily make people feel more awake and focused, yet it is not typically cited for directly affecting working-memory capacity in scientific literature. The effects of caffeine in coffee can certainly influence cognitive processes but are not directly equated with long-term working-memory capacity improvements or correlations as exercise, sleep, and musical training are.