Final answer:
The correct option is C. The implementation of protective tariffs by the new federal government after 1789 best demonstrates Holton's argument because it represents a direct effort by Federalists to create a more centralized power that could enhance the nation's economic independence and prosperity.
Step-by-step explanation:
When analyzing Holton's argument and the actions of the new federal government after 1789 that best demonstrate a fulfillment of Federalist promises, one must consider the legislative and economic measures taken. The implementation of protective tariffs under the 1789 Tariff Act directly correlates with the Federalist agenda for a robust federal government, empowered to address the nation's economic challenges and regulate commerce.
The protective tariffs not only aimed to raise revenue but also to provide commercial advantage to American goods and shipping, thus promoting a nationalist vision for economic solidarity and independence. This action reflects the nationalistic incentives of the early federal government and aligns closely with Federalist objectives to centralize authority for the greater economic interests of the nation.
While the establishment of a national bank and the ratification of the Bill of Rights are significant achievements, they represent different aspects of the Federalist agenda. However, it is the tariffs that directly support the nation’s economic unity and strength, which is a core tenet of Federalist policy, aligning with Holton's point about the Federalists’ determination to create a robust federal authority.