Final answer:
Proportional Representation (A) is a system where parties receive seats in rough proportion to their vote totals. First-Past-The-Post (B) is a winner-takes-all system. Mixed-Member Proportional (C) combines elements of both proportional representation and first-past-the-post systems. Single Transferable Vote (D) is a ranked-choice system.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Proportional Representation (A), parties receive seats in rough proportion to their vote totals. For example, if a party receives 25% of the votes, they would be expected to hold roughly 25% of the seats in the legislature. This system aims to ensure that all preferences are reflected in the government, not just those with the majority support.
First-Past-The-Post (B) is a plurality or winner-takes-all system in which the candidate with the most votes wins. This system does not necessarily reflect the proportional distribution of votes.
Mixed-Member Proportional (C) combines elements of both proportional representation and first-past-the-post systems. Some seats are allocated based on the winner-takes-all system, while others are allocated proportionally.
Single Transferable Vote (D) is a ranked-choice system where voters rank candidates in order of preference. Candidates need to reach a minimum quota to be elected, and surplus votes from winning candidates or transferred votes from losing candidates are redistributed until the seats are filled.