Final answer:
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter with the formula C8H11NO2, is stored in synaptic vesicles and released in response to nerve impulses, impacting various neurological processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The chemical stored in synaptic vesicles that is released in response to a nerve impulse, as mentioned, is a neurotransmitter. The chemicals listed, serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA, are all neurotransmitters. However, dopamine (C8H11NO2) is specifically highlighted as a neurotransmitter involved in numerous neurological processes. Dopamine binds to G-protein-linked receptors, triggering responses such as increasing the concentration of cAMP within the cell. Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine play a crucial role at the neuromuscular junction. Overall, neurotransmitters facilitate the transmission of signals in the nervous system by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.