Final answer:
Rapid market changes do not constitute a late-mover advantage because they can negate the benefits of access to technology, brand loyalty, and high switching costs, making it difficult for late movers to establish themselves in a fluctuating market.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to late-mover advantages in business, specifically those conditions that do not constitute a late-mover advantage. The options presented are:
- Access to advanced technologies
- Established brand loyalty
- High switching costs for customers
- Rapid market changes
Out of these, Rapid market changes (D) do not constitute a late-mover advantage because they can negate the benefits of access to technology, brand loyalty, and switching costs. In rapidly changing markets, late movers may struggle to adapt and lose any potential advantages they may have had. On the other hand, the other three options can be seen as potential late-mover advantages:
- Access to advanced technologies can allow late movers to jump to the forefront of the industry.
- Established brand loyalty might lead to high switching costs, deterring customers from considering new entrants.
- High switching costs for customers can provide a protective barrier and benefit late movers if they manage to acquire customers