Final answer:
The parts of the cell that interact with the Golgi apparatus include the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, where vesicles bud off and travel to the Golgi apparatus. Once there, the Golgi modifies, sorts, and tags the proteins and lipids, which are then sent to the plasma membrane or other cell destinations. Actin filaments also assist in these processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Several parts of the cell interact with the Golgi apparatus, a central organelle in the cellular secretory pathway. The process begins with vesicles containing proteins and lipids that bud off from both the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). These vesicles then travel to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, which is the receiving side, and fuse with it to release their contents into the lumen of Golgi. Inside the Golgi apparatus, proteins and lipids undergo modifications, such as the addition of sugar molecules to form glycoproteins and glycolipids. Once tagged with small molecules like phosphate groups, they are sorted and sent off to their proper destinations, which can include the plasma membrane, where they may participate in cell-to-cell recognition and signaling, or other locations inside the cell. In the case of plant cells, the Golgi apparatus also produces polysaccharides for the cell wall. Additionally, the Golgi apparatus produces Golgi vesicles and lysosomes that may carry enzymes or other substances to different parts of the cell or to the cell exterior. The actin filaments within the cell may also be associated with the transport of vesicles to and from the Golgi apparatus, helping in the processes of secretion and endocytosis.