Final answer:
Abnormalities in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) expression are associated with a variety of diseases, including many forms of cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, making the correct answer D. all of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
Abnormalities in the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are associated with a wide range of diseases. Studies have shown that ncRNAs, like microRNAs (miRNAs), play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression, including at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Alterations in miRNA activity have been linked to various forms of cancer, as these small RNA molecules can bind to the 3' UTR of RNA molecules, leading to their degradation and a subsequent decrease in protein expression important for maintaining normal cell function.
Similarly, changes in ncRNA expression have been identified in neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, where they may affect protein function and cell health. In addition, ncRNAs have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, suggesting a broad impact on human health. Therefore, the correct answer is D. all of the above.