Final answer:
The hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the evolution of eusociality are the haplodiploidy hypothesis, the Monogamy hypothesis, and the ecology/life history hypothesis, so the correct answer is All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The hypotheses proposed to explain the evolution of eusociality include the haplodiploidy hypothesis, the Monogamy hypothesis, and the ecology/life history hypothesis. Hence, the correct answer to the question 'Which hypothesis has been proposed to explain the evolution of eusociality?' is D) All of the above.
Eusociality is a complex social structure observed in some animals, especially insects like bees, ants, and termites, where there is a division of labor, cooperative brood care, and an overlap of at least two generations contributing to colony maintenance. This social structure's evolutionary origins have been widely studied and various hypotheses have been presented to explain its development. The haplodiploidy hypothesis suggests that the genetic makeup of haplodiploid species (where males develop from unfertilized, haploid eggs and females develop from fertilized, diploid eggs) facilitates the evolution of eusocial behavior. The Monogamy hypothesis posits that monogamy establishes the conditions for parental care and sibling cooperation, leading to eusociality. Lastly, the ecology/life history hypothesis proposes that environmental and ecological factors, such as predator pressure and the need for extended care of offspring, influence the evolution of eusocial systems.