Final answer:
The impacts listed, such as habitat disturbance and discharge of contaminants, are most likely associated with the extraction stage of mining, where significant environmental degradation can occur.
Step-by-step explanation:
The group of impacts most likely to be associated with the extraction stage of mining includes habitat disturbance, noise from helicopter fly-overs, road-building in wilderness areas, and discharge of contaminants from drilling. During the extraction phase, natural habitats can be disturbed or destroyed as large portions of earth are removed to access the ore or mineral beneath. Additionally, the noise and infrastructure development required for mining operations can disrupt local ecosystems, while the release of contaminants can lead to air and water pollution, having a detrimental effect on the environment. This stage is often characterized by environmental degradation linked to poverty and the exploitation of natural resources, as seen in the Amazon Basin with oil spills, and the broader environmental toll of fossil fuel extraction worldwide.