Final answer:
A mutation in the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that attaches glycine to a tRNA with the anticodon 3' GCA 5' will lead to the incorrect incorporation of glycine instead of alanine during protein synthesis, potentially resulting in dysfunctional proteins.
Step-by-step explanation:
If an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has a mutation such that it binds the tRNA with the anticodon 3' GCA 5' and attaches the amino acid glycine to its 3' end, this will result in a mischarging of the tRNA. Normally, tRNA with the anticodon 3' GCA 5' should be charged with the amino acid alanine, as GCA on mRNA pairs with the tRNA anticodon UGC which normally carries alanine. If glycine is instead attached to this tRNA, during translation, whenever the mRNA has the codon GCA, which should code for alanine, glycine will be incorporated into the polypeptide chain due to the incorrect tRNA-amino acid pairing. This can lead to the production of dysfunctional proteins because the wrong amino acid is being incorporated at specific positions in the protein sequence, potentially altering its structure and function.