Final answer:
Mutations can be caused by replication errors from DNA polymerase, ionizing radiation such as gamma rays, ultraviolet radiation, and the presence of chemical alkylating agents. These factors collectively contribute to the occurrence of both spontaneous and induced mutations in DNA.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mutation can be caused by a variety of factors, including replication errors, ionizing radiation, and exposure to certain chemicals known as alkylating agents. Specifically, mutations can result from spontaneous errors by DNA polymerase during the DNA replication process. Exposure to different types of radiation, such as gamma radiation and ultraviolet radiation, can also induce mutations by causing breaks in the DNA strands or by forming bonds between adjacent nucleotides, respectively. Additionally, exposure to intercalating agents can lead to mutations by disrupting the DNA double helix during replication and transcription. Collectively, these factors contribute to both spontaneously occurring mutations and those induced by environmental agents, potentially leading to various effects, including the development of cancer.