Final answer:
A biohazard consists of biological materials that pose infection or illness risks, such as viruses and bacteria. In scientific research, biohazards require careful handling and sterilization to prevent contamination, and laboratory protocols ensure personnel and environmental safety through the use of PPE, thorough waste disposal methods, and equipment like autoclaves.
Step-by-step explanation:
A biohazard is any biological material that carries a risk of infection or illness among humans and animals. Examples of biohazardous infectious material include the hepatitis A virus, HIV-1, and bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In laboratory settings, scientists take extra precautions when dealing with Bio-safety Level 2 (BSL-2) agents like Salmonella spp., and viruses that cause hepatitis and measles due to their moderate risk to workers and the community.
Some of the hazards found in scientific research include microscopes with immersion oil, Bunsen burners, and inoculating loops. To ensure safety, laboratories follow strict guidelines: recognizing the international biohazards symbol, using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and disposing of all waste including biohazard waste after autoclaving. Items such as needles, laboratory-grown bacteria, and infected equipment must be handled with care to prevent exposure or contamination.
It is essential for laboratory personnel to wear protective clothing and face protection, and to follow proper protocols for hand washing and waste disposal. Autoclaves, which use pressurized steam for sterilization, are a crucial part of biohazard management as they sterilize biohazardous waste before it is included in the general waste stream.