Final answer:
Hopeful monsters, in evolutionary biology, refer to organisms with significant mutations that result in a new viable phenotype. However, this concept isn't generally supported by evolutionary evidence, as mutations are more often incremental. Metaphorically, 'hopeful monsters' can represent overcoming challenges and adapting positively to change.
Step-by-step explanation:
‘Hopeful monsters’ are a concept in evolutionary biology referring to organisms that exhibit a significant genetic mutation leading to a new and viable phenotype, which is different from that of the parents. This idea was originally proposed by geneticist Richard Goldschmidt in the 1940s, who suggested that such large mutations could lead to the rapid evolution of a new species. The term can also metaphorically describe instances of overcoming challenges and adapting successfully to new circumstances.
However, the concept of ‘hopeful monsters’ in a literal genetic sense is controversial. While genetic mutations do occur, they are usually small and incremental, and large mutations often result in non-viable offspring. Therefore, the existence of ‘hopeful monsters’ as Goldschmidt described is not supported by the majority of evolutionary evidence. Evolution typically occurs over many generations through the accumulation of many small mutations rather than through sudden, large-scale changes.
In a broader sense, the idea encourages a proactive approach to changing the course of humanity, as mentioned in the provided reference text. It speaks to the notion of facing the challenges life throws our way and the hope that positive change can arise as a result of thoughtful action and adaptation.