Final answer:
Ear and sinus pain during climbs and descents is often due to trapped gases from unequal pressure in the middle ear, caused by blockages in the Eustachian tube. Remedies include yawning, swallowing, chewing gum, or using decongestants to help equalize the pressure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Climbs and descents can cause pain in the ear and sinuses primarily due to trapped gases creating unequal pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment (Option C). The discomfort arises from an imbalance in air pressure, which often affects the middle ear where air is regulated via the Eustachian tube. Any blockage in the Eustachian tube, potentially due to excessive mucus, can prevent the equalization of pressure, causing fluid to become trapped and accumulate, known as otitis media with effusion (OME). This creates an environment conducive to microbial growth, which can lead to infections and further discomfort.
One way to alleviate this sensation is to encourage the opening of the Eustachian tube to equalize pressure, which can be achieved through yawning, swallowing, or chewing gum. Decongestant nasal sprays or oral decongestants may also provide relief, especially when used before a flight or at high altitudes, to reduce mucus production. In more severe cases of sinus or ear blockages, consulting a healthcare professional for appropriate treatment may be necessary.