Final answer:
Neurofibromatosis, especially type 1, is most likely the dominant inherited disease described with lipomas and other symptoms, as it matches the characteristics and inheritance pattern.
Step-by-step explanation:
The disease inherited in a dominant fashion that includes symptoms such as lipomas on arms and legs, and what may be termed spring shoulders and neck, is most likely neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis is divided into two main types: type 1 and type 2. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is characterized by multiple benign tumors of nerves and skin (neurofibromas) and areas of skin discoloration (cafe-au-lait spots). These symptoms more closely align with the characteristics mentioned in the question when compared to other options listed such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1, Neurofibromatosis type 2, and Tuberous Sclerosis, which have different primary symptoms.
Dominant genetic diseases like neurofibromatosis are expressed with just one copy of the faulty gene. This can lead to a 50% chance of passing the disorder to offspring if one parent is affected. Neurofibromatosis, being an autosomal dominant disorder, would align with the inheritance pattern described in Figure 28.26, where a Punnett square illustrates the likelihood of inheriting such a disease.