Final answer:
The most common hematologic abnormality associated with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is anemia, followed by thrombocytosis and leukocytosis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The hematologic abnormality most commonly associated with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is anemia. This condition arises primarily due to a decreased production of erythropoietin (EPO) by the failing kidneys, which is critical for the formation of red blood cells. Additionally, patients with ESRD may exhibit other hematologic abnormalities such as thrombocytosis and leukocytosis, although these are less common.
Specifically, thrombocytosis may occur due to secondary causes such as inflammation or as a response to anemic stress. Leukocytosis, an increase in white blood cell count, can be associated with infections, which ESRD patients are more susceptible to due to their compromised health status.