Final answer:
Individual exposure to air pollution is increased during outdoor exercise due to factors such as the concentration of particulate in the air and the ventilatory rate.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d. Both the concentration of particulate in the air and the ventilatory rate are correct. When exercising outdoors, the concentration of particulate in the air and the ventilatory rate both contribute to individual exposure to air pollution.
Outdoor air pollution can include fine particles produced by the burning of coal, noxious gases, and ground-level ozone. The concentration of these pollutants in the air can vary depending on factors such as proximity to industrial areas or busy roads.
When individuals exercise outdoors, they typically breathe deeper and at a higher rate than when at rest. This increased ventilatory rate can result in a higher intake of air pollutants, further contributing to individual exposure to air pollution during outdoor exercise